WOMEN AND TRAFFICKING: A SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVES

Book Code: 1111036803014

DR. MD ARIF WADOOD

ABOUT THE BOOK

Women and Trafficking: A Socio-Legal Perspectives analysing various issues concerning trafficking as an organized crime that deprive women’s basic dignity and makes them more vulnerable. Trafficking of women emerged as one of the major problems for India because of its varied reasons. Often poverty, vulnerability of women and children, little or no access to education and health care and lack of livelihood options are some of the underlying cause of trafficking. However, the matter becomes more complex when trafficking for prostitution is seen as a traditional and cultural practice by communities such as Bedias, Sansi, Devadasi and Jogin tradition which are still prevalent in some part of India and have the tacit support of family and society.

The book addresses the fragile socio-economic condition which leads many women to become victims of trafficking, prostitution and other forms of violence. Besides, little or no legal support further aggravates the situation. Although there exist tough and appropriate laws against these sorts of crime but laps, gaps, anomalies and loopholes in the laws and lack of implementation due to various reasons make the laws unable to protect women from being victimized. Under this situation, the laws of the land relating to trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation and the process of its implementation should be reviewed to explore ways and means to improve the situation of women. It is in this sense, this book helps the readers to understand, analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of legislation concerning trafficking of women.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Md Arif Wadood has started his teaching career from Campus Law Centre, Faculty of Law, Delhi University. Currently he is an Assistant Professor (Contractual) in the Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. He was born in district North Dinajpur, West Bengal. He has completed his schooling from S T High School (Minto Circle), B.A. LL.B. from Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh and then moved to Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi from where he has done his LL.M, M.Phil. and Ph.D. from Faculty of Law, Jamia Islamia, New Delhi.

He has cleared University Grants Commission Junior Research Fellowship (UGC- JRF)and Five Times National Eligibility Test (UGC- NET) for Assistant Professor. He has to his credit; more than seven research papers published in UGC referred journals and highly standard academic journals in India and abroad. Besides, he has published many chapters in different edited books. He has presented research papers in several national and international conferences. His areas of specialization are Constitutional Law, Family Law, Criminal Law, Law of Tort, Environmental Law and Labour Law.

CONTENTS

Foreword.................................................................................................................................................................9

Foreword...............................................................................................................................................................11

Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................13
List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................................17

1. Understanding Trafficking of Women in India .......................................................................................19
   1.1 Classification of Commercial Sex Labour ..............................................................................................24
   1.2 Brothel Prostitution ...............................................................................................................................24 
   1.3 Types of Clients ...................................................................................................................................25 
   1.4 Street Prostitution ................................................................................................................................26 
   1.5 Hotel, Bars / Hidden Prostitution ..........................................................................................................26 
   1.6 Prostitution with Socio-Religious Sanction ............................................................................................26
2. Historical and Cultural Aspect of Trafficking in India ..........................................................................33
   2.1 Status of Prostitution in Ancient India ....................................................................................................40 
   2.2 Status of Prostitution in Medieval India .................................................................................................52 
   2.3 Status of Prostitution in Modern India ...................................................................................................62 
   2.4 Origin of Prostitution as a Hereditary Occupation among Bedia Community............................................68   
3. Inter-State Trafficking in India ...............................................................................................................93
   3.1 Pattern of Inter-State Trafficking in India ...............................................................................................97 
   3.2 Pattern of Transnational Trafficking .....................................................................................................116 
   3.3 Pattern of Cases under Immoral Trafficking Act ..................................................................................128 
4. Legislation and Law Enforcement ........................................................................................................141
   4.1 International Conventions to Combat Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation ...........................144   
   4.2 National Legislations to Combat Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation ..................................156   
   4.3 Enforcement of Law ...........................................................................................................................166 
   4.4 Debate Concerning Prostitution: Legalisation and Criminalisation ..........................................................174
5. Immoral Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation among Women of Bedia Community of Agra District: Empirical Study and Analysis of Data.........................................................................................................................................................189
   5.1 Law Enforcement in Agra District ........................................................................................................190 
   5.2 Interactions at State Homes .................................................................................................................211 
   5.3 Findings of the Study Regarding Women (CSW’s) in the Bedia Dominated and Red-Light Area of Agra District ..................................................................................................................................................................223
6. Way Forward to Address the Issue of Trafficking in India ................................................................. 231
   6.1 Legislations .........................................................................................................................................249 
   6.2 Law Enforcement ............................................................................................................................... 251 
   6.3 The Adjudication of Cases ................................................................................................................. 252 
   6.4 Shelter Homes ....................................................................................................................................253 

            Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................................255
            Index ......................................................................................................................................................271