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History of Kas'Mira (Kashmir)

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Book Code: 1111008613982

Brig.(Retd.) Rattan Kaul

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ABOUT THE BOOK

This book on Kashmir titled History of Kas'mira (Kashmir) is his ten years research and writing effort, which covers many facets of Kas'mira (Kashmir) Aryans, Naga's, Evolution, Rulers from Ancient times, Religious Beliefs/Worship, Religious Era's, Aberrations in Kalhan's Rajatarangiri and Goddesses of Kas'mira (Kashmir). The contents are all that what we must know about Kas'mira; triumphs, travails, origins and various facets of history Brigadier Kaul was the one to bring, for the first time, latest photograph of more than 1000 years old Sharda Temple in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir and share it with Goddess Sharda's worshippers in India.These are not the triumphs and travails of Aryan Saraswat Brahmins of Kas'mira {Kashmir}, commonly referred to as Bhatta or now Kashmiri Pandit, but transition of Aryan Saraswat community as a whole through millenniums of religious philosophies, search of identity, Gotra orientation, honorific's; Bhatta and Pandit and selective surnames. This medium intends to remind of Aryan roots, genesis of specific names and surnames, honorific, with details, to give insight of that era, before these pass into oblivion. Not much is known correctly about the rulers of Kas'mira except what has been mentioned in Kalhan's Rajatarangini, which in any case covers period upto 1150 AD only. Though there have been some other chronicles, most of them except that of Jonaraja fell short of expectations. Even both these did not cover our origins, roots, settlements, religious beliefs, transition during the second millennium. Rulers are responsible for shaping the destiny of their subjects, the book covers this aspect and analyses their effort in shaping Kas'mira. A composite compendium of all what we should know of Kas'mira over the last over five millenniums, including events that shaped life in the beautiful valley of Sage Kashyap, land of Vitasta River and what Kalhan mentioned: “There even to this day drops of sandal ointment offered by the Gods are to be seen at Nandikshetra, the residence of Shiva.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Brigadier Rattan Kaul was born in Srinagar and had his schooling there. He joined Army and was commissioned in 4/5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) and took part in 1965 and 1971 War. During Bangladesh War 1971, he was seriously injured in the Battle of Sylhet. In 1974 he was amongst top ten officers (Competitive Vacancy) to be selected for Staff College at Wellington. He was promoted to Brigadiers Rank in 1993. He has been commended during his Army Service by Army Chief. After his retirement he stepped into Industry and served as Vice President, Birla's. An HRD, Management and Defence Analyst, he has many books on military history and plethora of articles on History, Defence Concepts and Kashmir Centric papers to his credit.

Contents

Foreword 13, Preface 17, Acknowledgements 19, 1. Aryans-Immigration To Kas’mira to Saraswat Brahmins 23, Libraries and Ancient Literature-Curiosity for the Past; Original, Place of Aryans-Route of Immigration, Religious Development, and Evolution of Vedas-Arya-Aryan Saraswat Brahmin, Honorific-Caste System among Aryans-Aryan Immigration to, Kas’mira–Aryan Entry into Kas’mira-Gotra Genesis and, Orientation-Aryans and Kas’mira-Proliferation of Gotra’s in, Kas’mira-Dattatreya Legend-Earliest Settlers and Dating of, Settlements-Earliest Settlers-Dating of Early Human Settlements, in Kas’mira-Saraswat Bhatta’s of Kas’mira and Surnames-, Saraswat Bhattas-Surnames-Kaula or Kaul From Shakta, Worship-Shaivite Roots for Surnames-Surname Kaul-Changes, in Surnames Mid 14th Century Onwards-Other Surnames., 2. Kas’mira in Nilamat Puranam 51, Kas’mira in Nilamat Puranam-The Vale of Gods–Kas’mira-Nilamat, Puranam-Pre BC Authorship-AD Effort-Kas’mira.-Kas’mira, Name, Sacred Rivers Sindhu, Vitasta (Wyeth, Jhelum)-Kas’mira, Name-Sindhu River(s)-Vitasta-Vitasta Through Meilleniums-, Jhelum-Name Wyeth (Also Vyath)-The Legends of, Mahapadamsar (Wular Lake)-Mahapadamsar (Wular Lake)-, Legend Narrated to Zaina-ul-Abidin-Potters Legend-Bosangiri, Legend-Mahapadamsar to Wular, Archaelogical and Geological, Finds. Mahapadamsar Name Dating from Nilamat Puranam-, Temples and Architectural Remains in Mahapadamsar-Geological, Indicators-Dating of Events-Early Human Settlements in, Kas’mira-Evolution of Vitasta, Chronology of Mahapadamsar, and Dating of Settlements-Evolution of Vitasta-Physical Features, of Mahapadamsar (Wular Lake)-Evolution of Mahapadamsar, 8 History of Kas’mira, (Wular Lake)-Chronology of Mahapadamsar (Wular Lake)-, Nilamat and Kas’mira., 3. Ancient, Hindu Rule and Advent of Islam 91, Ancient Rule-Chronology of Early Settler Kings-Pre Historic –, 500 BC-Ashoka and Early AD Era-Hindu Rule-Hindu Dynasties-, Karkota Dynasty (631-855 AD)-Utpala Dynasty (855-939 AD)-, Gupta Dynasty (950-1003 AD)-Lohara Dynasty (1003-1273 AD)-, Later Period-Lohara Dynasty-First Kasmirian Brahman King and, After (1273-1320 AD)-Advent of Islam-Rinchen and Shahmiri, Dynasty (1324–1555 AD-Advent of Islam-Bul Bul Shah and, Rinchen-Shah Mir-Sikandar-Suha Bhatta-Ali Shah and Shah-e-, Hamdan-Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin–Badshah-Return, Conversions, and Exodus-Return : Gratis Shriya Bhatta (Shri Bhat)-Transition, During Benevolent Rule. Mir Shams-ud-din Iraqi and Musa, Raina-Conversions and Killings-Exodus-Role of Convertee, Brahmins-Sayyids, Intrinsic Civil War and End of Shahmiri, Dynasty-Sayyids-Downfall of Sayyids-Intrinsic Civil War-Forays, by Babar and Sher Shah Suri-Mirza Haider Dughlat’s Moghul, Invasion, Chaks and Magrays-End of Shahmiri Dynasty-Bhattas, During Civil War-Chak Rule 1555-1586 AD-Chak Clans-Chak, Rulers-Yusuf Shah Chak-Yousuf Shah Deposed-Moghul Forces, Defeated-Moghuls Again Invade Kas’mira-Final Farewell of, Yousuf Shah Chak-Chak Rule-Oh God : Move Back Again., 4. Moghul, Afghan and Sikh Rule 139, Moghul Rule-Star Ancestors Under Akbar and later Moghuls-, Pandit Honorific: Kashmiri Pandit (KP) Born-Pandit Honorific, Usage-Later Moghuls-End of Moghul Rule-Kashmiri Pandit, Delegation to Guru Tegh Bahadur-Pandits Under Moghuls-, Kashmiri Pandits in Moghul Court-Moghuls and Kashmiri, Muslims-Moghul Rule on the Wane-Afghans on the Scene–, Afghan Rule (1753-1819 AD)-Raja Sukh Jiwan-Fall of Sukh Jiwan-, Rise of Pandit Kailash Dhar-Kailash Dhar Murdered-Rise and, Murder of Pandit Dila Ram-Rise of Nand Ram Tiku-Recognition, to Pandit Sahaj Ram Dhar-Pandit Nand Ram Tiku as Diwan of, Kabul-Unrest and Rebellion in Kabul and Effects in Kas’mira-, Pandit Sahaj Ram Dhar as Diwan-Maharaja Ranjit Singh of, Punjab Enters the Scene-Sikh Army’s Second Foray into, Kas’mira-Pandit Mission to Maharaja Ranjit Singh-Kas’mira, Passes to Sikh Kingdom-Under Afghans-Sikh Rule (June 1819-, June 1846)-Sikh Rule and Hari Singh Nalwa-Sikh Rule on, Downslide-Assesment of Sikh Rule., CONTENTS:- 9, 5. Dogra Rule 169, Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu-Suraya Vanshi Jamwal Rajput Ruling, Clan-Rise of Gulab Singh–Expeditions of General Zorawar Singh-, Paddar and Ladakh–Zorawar Conquers Baltistan for Gulab Singh-, Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Turmoil in Sikh Durbar-, Dogra Expedition to Tibet and Treaty of Chushul-Sikh Durbar-, Killings, Intrigues, Reprisals and on way to Subjugation–Events, to Anglo-Sikh War and Treaties of Amritsar/Lahore–First Anglo-, Sikh War-Raja Gulab Singh and Peace Negotiations–Intrigues, and Lahore/Amritsar Treaties-Treaty of Amritsar-Raja Gulab, Singh and Sikh Durbar-1809 to 26 February 1946-Gulab Singh, (1846-56)- Maharaja Gulab Singh’s Reign-British Efforts to have, British Resident-Maharaja’s Welfare Measures-Abdication–, Ranbir Singh (1856-1885)–Ranbir Singh-Re-conquest of Gilgit-, Ranbir Penal Code and Other Measures–Proposals to Reconvert, Muslims–Pandits Under Dogra Rule–Pratap Singh (1885-1925)–, Pratap Singh and British Resident-Control of Chitral and Gilgit, by British–Pratap Singh Restored to the throne-Modernisation, of the State Infrastructure and Systems-Assessment of Pratap, Singh’s Reign-Hari Singh’s Reign (1925-1949)-Hari Singh-Views, on Indian Independence–Democratic/Electoral Reforms-Ceding, of Gilgit-Social and Welfare Measures–Quit Kashmir Movement-, Pakistani Invasion and Accession to India-End of Dogra Rule–, Assessment of Dogra Rule., 6. Religious Worship Eras 213, Kas’mira-Abodeof Gods, Evolution and Dating Inhabitants-, The Abode of Gods-Original Inhabitants of Bharatvarsha and, Aryans-Development of Aryan Scriptures-Dating Earliest, Inhabitants of Kas’mira-Aryan Arrival in Kas’mira-Vedic Religion, and Vedic Gods/Goddesses-Rig Vedic, Brahmanic and Later, Vedic Period-Vedas-Vedic Literature-Vedic Religion-Importance, of Some Vedic Gods-Origin of Saraswats-Nilamat Puranam and, Religion in Kas’mira-Nilamat Puranam-Veda Connection of, Nilamat Puranam-Rituals of Nilamat Puranam-Religious, Philosophy Contents-Gods and Goddesses of Nilamat-Earliest, Religion of Kas’mira-Aboriginal (Neolithic) Beliefs-Naga, Worship Rituals-Religious Eras of Kas’mira-Eras-Vaishnavite, Brahmanism-Progress till 9th Century-Spread of Buddhism-, Buddhism on Wane-Shiva Worship in Kas’mira-Shakta Worship-, Trika-Tantra-Patronage by Rulers During Later Centuries-, Transitions in Religious Worship-Priests and Rituals in Kas’mira-, Sakayas of Buddhism-Role of Agraharas, Sadaks (Preachers)-, Intrigue by Priests-Bhasha Bhatta or Bhacha Bhatta., 10 History of Kas’mira, 7. Goddess Bhadrakali Worship 243, Goddesses as Devi, Durga and Bhadrakali-Manifestation of, Goddesses in Bharatvarasha and Kas’mira-Goddess Durga-, Goddess Bhadrakali-Bhadrakali Worship in Kas’mira-Bhadrakali, Worship Days-Kali (Mahakali) Worship in Kas’mira-Kul Devis-, Bhadrakali as Kul Devi-Goddess Bhadrakali’s Abodes in, Kas’mira-Upto 12th Century AD-Religious Lore-Svayambhu,, Abhinav Gupta Connection-Bhadrakal Later Centuries-Sage of, Bhadrakal-As I knew Sage of Bhadrakal., 8. Manifestation of Kul Devis 267, Manifestation of Gods/Goddesses in Bharatvarasha and, Kas’mira-Gods and Goddesses-Manifestation of Kul Devis-Kul, Devi Forms-Firming of Kul Devi Worship-Kul Devis-Devi, Rahasya-Kul Devis-Chakreshwari (Sharika)-Raghnya (Tul Mul,, Kheer Bhawani)-Tripursundari (Bala Tripursundari, Tripura)-, Jwala-Shailputri (Devi Bal, Nag Bal)-Baramulla (Varahamulla,, Varhakshetra) Bhadrakali as Kul Devi-Kali (Mahakali) Worship, in Kas’mira-Other Goddesses., 9. Goddess Sharda of Kas’mira 291, Mother’s Grace (Mahima), Sharda Mahatmaya and Grandeur-, Mahima (Grace) of Mother Sharda-Temple of Goddess Sharda-, Sharda Mahatmaya-Grandeur of the Sharda Temple-Sanctum, Sanctorum-Sri Chakra Inscription at Sharda Temple Sanctum, Sanctorum-Narda Linkage to Temple Construction-Historical, Evaluation, Shakti Roop, Lore and Pilgrimage Routes-Historical, Evaluation of Sharda Temple-Ram and Krishna Lore-Sindhu, Ganga, Kishanganga, Madhumati and Saraswati-Pilgrimage Later, Centuries-Sharda Pilgrimage Accounts-Gangabal and Sharda, Tirath Together-Sharda Temple Connection to Buddhism and, Karnah Artefacts-Sharda Script, Myths, Adi-Shankara and, Sharda Peeth-Sharda Language and Sharda Script-Adi, Shankara’s Visit to Kas’mira, Sharda Temple and Authorship of, Scriptures-Adi-Shankara’s Visit: Facts and Fiction-Sharda Peeth, Honours-Adoption of Sri Chakra-Sharda Desh and Sharda, Peeth-Panchastavi and Saundarya Lahiri-The Southern Influence, Indicators-Epilogue., 10. Era Abberations in Kalhan’s Rajatarangini 335, Rajatarangini–Style, Sources and General Contents-Rajatarangini, Style and Sources-General Contents-Eras mentioned by Kalhan-, Scope-Origin of Various Eras/Calendars-Eras/Calendars-Relevant, Acceptance of Kali, Laukika and Saka Samvats by Kalhan-, Aberration in Dates-Dates of Mahabharata War-Kalhan’s, CONTENTS:- 11, Assertion Sapatrishis (Munis) in Maghah Nakshatra in 2526, Saka Era (653 Kali Samvat Laukika Era 628)-Yudishthir’s, Coronation Dates by Kalhan-Mystery of Kali Samvat 653/2526, Pre Saka Samvat-Erroneous Dating of Gonanda I and, Chronology-Gonanda I-Chronology-Bharata War (Mahabharata), Dates Mix Up-Lost Kings–King Ashoka and Kanishka-Reign, and Era-Kings Abhimanyu to Baladitya and Thereafter-Mystery, of 25 Years Difference in Taranga 4-Other Misinterpretations., Index 353

 


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